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Latex在文档撰写方面是不可或缺的工具，尤其是在写文章方面，是必须要用到的文字排版工具。但是latex的环境部署并不是一个特别人性化的操作，尤其是在各种不同的平台上操作是完全不一样的，还经常容易报错。我们可以一个一个的去解决报错问题，但是这需要耗费极大的精力和时间，所以很多人选择了直接在进行latex的创作。但其实overleaf也有它的缺点，比如免费版本的带宽和速度都比较受限，尤其是在国内的网络，访问速度可谓是”一绝“。因此这里我们介绍一个更加人性化的方案，而且对各大平台的兼容性非常都非常好：使用docker来部署latex环境。Docker的基本操作
在各大平台的官方源里面应该都会有提供docker容器，因此这里我们也不过多的赘述。作者过去写过一篇关于的博客，感兴趣的读者可以当作是拓展文章来阅读一下。
首先我们在Manjaro Linux平台上启动docker（在其他平台上的操作可能有区别，比如service start docker等）：[dechin-root tex]# systemctl start docker
注意上述指令要在root帐号下才能够启动，如果要选择在非root帐号下操作，docker容器是不支持的，但是我们可以选择singularity这一类似的容器解决方案，相关内容可以参考这篇。启动服务之后，正常状态下我们可以看到docker的status是处于active或者running的状态：[dechin-root tex]# systemctl status docker● docker.service - Docker Application Container Engine Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/docker.service; disabled; vendor preset: disab> Active: active (running) since Sun 2021-03-28 18:50:47 CST; 7s agoTriggeredBy: ● docker.socket Docs: https://docs.docker.com Main PID: 25366 (dockerd) Tasks: 123 (limit: 47875) Memory: 219.1M CGroup: /system.slice/docker.service ├─25366 /usr/bin/dockerd -H fd:// └─25378 containerd --config /var/run/docker/containerd/containerd.toml --log-l>拉取容器镜像
首先我们可以访问搜索一下是否存在我们所需要的容器镜像，比如我们的搜索结果如下：
可以看到这里有很多的选项，一般我们可以直接选择星星最高的容器镜像进行下载使用：[dechin-root tex]# docker pull fbenz/pdflatexUsing default tag: latestlatest: Pulling from fbenz/pdflatexf22ccc0b8772: Already exists 3cf8fb62ba5f: Already exists e80c964ece6a: Already exists 9aa2583757a3: Pull complete 2c3d7890d583: Pull complete Digest: sha256:6ecca11b1a203faed5c0a2ace2a13aac100dd19d7a4e0db0474283bcded3c041Status: Downloaded newer image for fbenz/pdflatex:latestdocker.io/fbenz/pdflatex:latest
下载需要一段的时间。下载完成后，可以在本地镜像仓库中找到刚才下载的这个镜像文件：[dechin-root tex]# docker imagesREPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZEfbenz/pdflatex latest 8e7742722956 3 months ago 24GB
我们可以测试一下这个容器镜像中的pdflatex功能是否正常：[dechin-root tex]# docker run -it fbenz/pdflatex pdflatex --helpUsage: pdftex [OPTION]... [TEXNAME[.tex]] [COMMANDS] or: pdftex [OPTION]... \FIRST-LINE or: pdftex [OPTION]... &FMT ARGS Run pdfTeX on TEXNAME, usually creating TEXNAME.pdf. Any remaining COMMANDS are processed as pdfTeX input, after TEXNAME is read. If the first line of TEXNAME is %&FMT, and FMT is an existing .fmt file, use it. Else use `NAME.fmt', where NAME is the program invocation name, most commonly `pdftex'. Alternatively, if the first non-option argument begins with a backslash, interpret all non-option arguments as a line of pdfTeX input. Alternatively, if the first non-option argument begins with a &, the next word is taken as the FMT to read, overriding all else. Any remaining arguments are processed as above. If no arguments or options are specified, prompt for input.-draftmode switch on draft mode (generates no output PDF)-enc enable encTeX extensions such as \mubyte-etex enable e-TeX extensions[-no]-file-line-error disable/enable file:line:error style messages-fmt=FMTNAME use FMTNAME instead of program name or a %& line-halt-on-error stop processing at the first error-ini be pdfinitex, for dumping formats; this is implicitly true if the program name is `pdfinitex'-interaction=STRING set interaction mode (STRING=batchmode/nonstopmode/ scrollmode/errorstopmode)-ipc send DVI output to a socket as well as the usual output file-ipc-start as -ipc, and also start the server at the other end-jobname=STRING set the job name to STRING-kpathsea-debug=NUMBER set path searching debugging flags according to the bits of NUMBER[-no]-mktex=FMT disable/enable mktexFMT generation (FMT=tex/tfm/pk)-mltex enable MLTeX extensions such as \charsubdef-output-comment=STRING use STRING for DVI file comment instead of date (no effect for PDF)-output-directory=DIR use existing DIR as the directory to write files in-output-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for job output; FORMAT is `dvi' or `pdf'[-no]-parse-first-line disable/enable parsing of first line of input file-progname=STRING set program (and fmt) name to STRING-recorder enable filename recorder[-no]-shell-escape disable/enable \write18{SHELL COMMAND}-shell-restricted enable restricted \write18-src-specials insert source specials into the DVI file-src-specials=WHERE insert source specials in certain places of the DVI file. WHERE is a comma-separated value list: cr display hbox math par parend vbox-synctex=NUMBER generate SyncTeX data for previewers according to bits of NUMBER (`man synctex' for details)-translate-file=TCXNAME use the TCX file TCXNAME-8bit make all characters printable by default-help display this help and exit-version output version information and exitpdfTeX home page:
编译Tex文件
在上述章节中完成基于docker的pdflatex环境部署之后，我们可以开始撰写一些简单的tex文件用来测试一下环境。Hello World
首先最简单的我们测试一个hello world的案例，仅在pdf文档中输出一个Hello World!的字样，具体tex代码如下：[dechin@dechin-manjaro tex]$ cat hello_world.tex \documentclass{article}\begin{document}Hello world!\end{document}
使用方法也不难，首先我们运行docker容器，注意需要绑定一个本地路径，然后进入到容器内对应的目录下：[dechin-root tex]# docker run -it -v /home/dechin/projects/2021-python/tex/:/home/ fbenz/pdflatexroot@d7ed2229a244:/# lltotal 72drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Mar 28 11:07 ./drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Mar 28 11:07 ../-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Mar 28 11:07 .dockerenv*drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 19 13:09 bin/drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 24 2018 boot/drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 360 Mar 28 11:07 dev/drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Mar 28 11:07 etc/drwxr-xr-x 2 1000 1000 4096 Mar 28 04:43 home/drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 May 23 2017 lib/drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 19 13:09 lib64/drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 19 13:07 media/drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 19 13:07 mnt/drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 19 13:07 opt/dr-xr-xr-x 323 root root 0 Mar 28 11:07 proc/drwx------ 2 root root 4096 Nov 19 13:09 root/drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Nov 25 22:25 run/drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Nov 25 22:25 sbin/drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 19 13:07 srv/dr-xr-xr-x 13 root root 0 Mar 28 11:07 sys/drwxrwxrwt 1 root root 4096 Nov 28 18:34 tmp/drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Nov 19 13:07 usr/drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Nov 19 13:09 var/root@d7ed2229a244:/# cd home/root@d7ed2229a244:/home# lltotal 12drwxr-xr-x 2 1000 1000 4096 Mar 28 04:43 ./drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Mar 28 11:07 ../-rw-r--r-- 1 1000 1000 69 Mar 28 04:43 hello_world.tex
我们看到在容器内的目录下也能够看到这个tex文件，说明路径的绑定成功的执行了。运行指令很简单，直接在docker容器内运行pdflatex your_file.tex即可：root@d7ed2229a244:/home# pdflatex hello_world.tex This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.18 (TeX Live 2017/Debian) (preloaded format=pdflatex) restricted \write18 enabled.entering extended mode(./hello_world.texLaTeX2e <2017-04-15>Babel <3.18> and hyphenation patterns for 84 language(s) loaded.(/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.clsDocument Class: article 2014/09/29 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class(/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size10.clo))No file hello_world.aux.[1{/var/lib/texmf/fonts/map/pdftex/updmap/pdftex.map}] (./hello_world.aux) )Output written on hello_world.pdf (1 page, 11916 bytes).Transcript written on hello_world.log.root@d7ed2229a244:/home# lltotal 32drwxr-xr-x 2 1000 1000 4096 Mar 28 11:08 ./drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Mar 28 11:07 ../-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8 Mar 28 11:08 hello_world.aux-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2408 Mar 28 11:08 hello_world.log-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 11916 Mar 28 11:08 hello_world.pdf-rw-r--r-- 1 1000 1000 69 Mar 28 04:43 hello_world.texroot@d7ed2229a244:/home# chmod -R 777 .root@d7ed2229a244:/home# lltotal 32drwxrwxrwx 2 1000 1000 4096 Mar 28 11:08 ./drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Mar 28 11:07 ../-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 8 Mar 28 11:08 hello_world.aux*-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 2408 Mar 28 11:08 hello_world.log*-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11916 Mar 28 11:08 hello_world.pdf*-rwxrwxrwx 1 1000 1000 69 Mar 28 04:43 hello_world.tex*
运行完成后我们在目录中看到了几个新生成的文件，如果用root改成777的权限，那么在本地的非root帐号就可以对其进行编辑，否则就只能查看。我们可以在本地打开这个pdf文件看看：
可以看到这个pdf文件生成成功。测试公式
上面hello world的案例比较简单，让我们来测试一下最常用的数学公式是否有问题：[dechin@dechin-manjaro tex]$ cat equation_test.tex \documentclass{article}\begin{document}Hello world!\begin{equation} e^{iHt}\left|\psi\right>\end{equation}\end{document}
类似于上一章节的，我们也需要进入到容器的内部执行相关的指令，最后获得如下所示的一个pdf文件：
我们可以看到公式显示也是正常的。量子线路图
最后我们测试一个比较难的，在前面写过一篇关于用ProjectQ生成Latex格式的量子线路图的，其中生成了如下所示的一个tex文件：[dechin@dechin-manjaro quantum-circuit]$ cat circuit.tex \documentclass{standalone}\usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry}\usepackage[hang,small,bf]{caption}\usepackage{tikz}\usepackage{braket}\usetikzlibrary{backgrounds,shadows.blur,fit,decorations.pathreplacing,shapes}\begin{document}\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.8, transform shape]\tikzstyle{basicshadow}=[blur shadow={shadow blur steps=8, shadow xshift=0.7pt, shadow yshift=-0.7pt, shadow scale=1.02}]\tikzstyle{basic}=[draw,fill=white,basicshadow]\tikzstyle{operator}=[basic,minimum size=1.5em]\tikzstyle{phase}=[fill=black,shape=circle,minimum size=0.1cm,inner sep=0pt,outer sep=0pt,draw=black]\tikzstyle{none}=[inner sep=0pt,outer sep=-.5pt,minimum height=0.5cm+1pt]\tikzstyle{measure}=[operator,inner sep=0pt,minimum height=0.5cm, minimum width=0.75cm]\tikzstyle{xstyle}=[circle,basic,minimum height=0.35cm,minimum width=0.35cm,inner sep=-1pt,very thin]\tikzset{shadowed/.style={preaction={transform canvas={shift={(0.5pt,-0.5pt)}}, draw=gray, opacity=0.4}},}\tikzstyle{swapstyle}=[inner sep=-1pt, outer sep=-1pt, minimum width=0pt]\tikzstyle{edgestyle}=[very thin]\node[none] (line0_gate0) at (0.1,-0) {$\Ket{0}$};\node[none] (line0_gate1) at (0.5,-0) {};\node[none,minimum height=0.5cm,outer sep=0] (line0_gate2) at (0.75,-0) {};\node[none] (line0_gate3) at (1.0,-0) {};\draw[operator,edgestyle,outer sep=0.5cm] ([yshift=0.25cm]line0_gate1) rectangle ([yshift=-0.25cm]line0_gate3) node[pos=.5] {H};\draw (line0_gate0) edge[edgestyle] (line0_gate1);\node[none] (line1_gate0) at (0.1,-1) {$\Ket{0}$};\node[none] (line1_gate1) at (0.5,-1) {};\node[none,minimum height=0.5cm,outer sep=0] (line1_gate2) at (0.75,-1) {};\node[none] (line1_gate3) at (1.0,-1) {};\draw[operator,edgestyle,outer sep=0.5cm] ([yshift=0.25cm]line1_gate1) rectangle ([yshift=-0.25cm]line1_gate3) node[pos=.5] {H};\draw (line1_gate0) edge[edgestyle] (line1_gate1);\node[none] (line2_gate0) at (0.1,-2) {$\Ket{0}$};\node[none] (line2_gate1) at (0.5,-2) {};\node[none,minimum height=0.5cm,outer sep=0] (line2_gate2) at (0.75,-2) {};\node[none] (line2_gate3) at (1.0,-2) {};\draw[operator,edgestyle,outer sep=0.5cm] ([yshift=0.25cm]line2_gate1) rectangle ([yshift=-0.25cm]line2_gate3) node[pos=.5] {H};\draw (line2_gate0) edge[edgestyle] (line2_gate1);\node[xstyle] (line1_gate4) at (1.4000000000000001,-1) {};\draw[edgestyle] (line1_gate4.north)--(line1_gate4.south);\draw[edgestyle] (line1_gate4.west)--(line1_gate4.east);\node[phase] (line2_gate4) at (1.4000000000000001,-2) {};\draw (line2_gate4) edge[edgestyle] (line1_gate4);\draw (line1_gate3) edge[edgestyle] (line1_gate4);\draw (line2_gate3) edge[edgestyle] (line2_gate4);\node[xstyle] (line0_gate4) at (1.9500000000000002,-0) {};\draw[edgestyle] (line0_gate4.north)--(line0_gate4.south);\draw[edgestyle] (line0_gate4.west)--(line0_gate4.east);\node[phase] (line1_gate5) at (1.9500000000000002,-1) {};\draw (line1_gate5) edge[edgestyle] (line0_gate4);\draw (line0_gate3) edge[edgestyle] (line0_gate4);\draw (line1_gate4) edge[edgestyle] (line1_gate5);\node[measure,edgestyle] (line0_gate5) at (2.6000000000000005,-0) {};\draw[edgestyle] ([yshift=-0.18cm,xshift=0.07500000000000001cm]line0_gate5.west) to [out=60,in=180] ([yshift=0.035cm]line0_gate5.center) to [out=0, in=120] ([yshift=-0.18cm,xshift=-0.07500000000000001cm]line0_gate5.east);\draw[edgestyle] ([yshift=-0.18cm]line0_gate5.center) to ([yshift=-0.07500000000000001cm,xshift=-0.18cm]line0_gate5.north east);\draw (line0_gate4) edge[edgestyle] (line0_gate5);\node[measure,edgestyle] (line1_gate6) at (2.6000000000000005,-1) {};\draw[edgestyle] ([yshift=-0.18cm,xshift=0.07500000000000001cm]line1_gate6.west) to [out=60,in=180] ([yshift=0.035cm]line1_gate6.center) to [out=0, in=120] ([yshift=-0.18cm,xshift=-0.07500000000000001cm]line1_gate6.east);\draw[edgestyle] ([yshift=-0.18cm]line1_gate6.center) to ([yshift=-0.07500000000000001cm,xshift=-0.18cm]line1_gate6.north east);\draw (line1_gate5) edge[edgestyle] (line1_gate6);\node[measure,edgestyle] (line2_gate5) at (2.0500000000000003,-2) {};\draw[edgestyle] ([yshift=-0.18cm,xshift=0.07500000000000001cm]line2_gate5.west) to [out=60,in=180] ([yshift=0.035cm]line2_gate5.center) to [out=0, in=120] ([yshift=-0.18cm,xshift=-0.07500000000000001cm]line2_gate5.east);\draw[edgestyle] ([yshift=-0.18cm]line2_gate5.center) to ([yshift=-0.07500000000000001cm,xshift=-0.18cm]line2_gate5.north east);\draw (line2_gate4) edge[edgestyle] (line2_gate5);\end{tikzpicture}\end{document}
这个文件不仅结构复杂，对周边所依赖的tex文件其实也不少，此前在其他平台（Win10）测试这个tex文件的编译的时候，都需要手动的去下载很多的依赖文件，然后放到同一个文件夹下才能正常运行和使用。这里我们直接运行，发现也可以生成这个pdf文件：
说明环境里面确实已经包含了很多必备的工具，跟overleaf的环境应该是比较类似的，使得我们可以在本地非常人性化的、轻便的可以编译tex文件。总结概要
为了在本地构建一个可用性强、易于部署的环境，我们选择了放弃直接安装pdflatex的方案，以及线上的overleaf的方案。这些方案各有利弊，但是综合起来看，对于个人使用的环境而言，还是在本地使用docker镜像直接部署一个tex编译环境是最方便、最人性化的。
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作者ID：DechinPhy
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