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C#中， 通过System.Threading.Monitor类可以实现多线程中对某些代码块的同步访问，以确保数据的安全性。
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object obj=new object();
Monitor在锁对象obj上会维持两个线程队列R和W以及一个引用T:
(1) T是对当前获得了obj锁的线程的引用（设此线程为CurrThread）;
(2) R为就绪队列， 其上的线程已经准备好获取obj锁。当obj锁被CurrThread释放后（CurrThread可通过Monitor.Exit(obj)或 Monitor.Wait(obj)来释放其所获的obj锁）这些线程就会去竞争obj锁，获得obj锁的线程将被T引用; 线程调用Monitor.Enter(obj)或Monitor.TryEnter(obj)将会使该线程直接进入R队列。
(3) W为等待队列，其上的线程是因为调用了Monitor.Wait(obj)而进入W队列的；W上的线程不会被OS直接调度执行，也就是说它们没有准备好获取obj锁，就是说在等待队列上的线程不能去获得obj锁。当前获得obj锁的线程CurrThread调用Monitor.Pulse(obj)或Monitor.PulseAll(obj)后会使W队列中的第一个等待线程或所有等待线程被移至R队列，这时被移至R队列的这些线程就有机会被OS直接调度执行，也就是有可以去竞争obj锁。
Monitor类中的重要方法:
| 方法名称 | 描述 |
| void Enter(object obj) | Acquires an exclusive lock on the specified object. |
| void Enter(object obj, ref bool lockTaken) | Acquires an exclusive lock on the specified object, and atomically sets a value that indicates whether the lock was taken. |
| void Exit(object obj) | Releases an exclusive lock on the specified object. |
| void Pulse(object obj) | Notifies a thread in the waiting queue of a change in the locked object's state. |
| void PulseAll(object obj) | Notifies all waiting threads of a change in the object's state. |
| bool TryEnter(object obj) | Attempts to acquire an exclusive lock on the specified object. |
| bool TryEnter(object obj, int millisecondsTimeout) | Attempts, for the specified number of milliseconds, to acquire an exclusive lock on the specified object. |
| bool Wait(object obj) | Releases the lock on an object and blocks the current thread until it reacquires the lock. If the specified time-out interval elapses, the thread enters the ready queue. |
例子1：
private object lockObj = new object();
private void Execute()
{
Monitor.Enter(lockObj);
for (int i = 0; i < 5;i++ )
{
Console.WriteLine("Thread Name:" + Thread.CurrentThread.Name + ", Count:" + i);
Thread.Sleep(new Random().Next(5000));
}
Monitor.Exit(lockObj);
}
public void Test()
{
Thread thread1 = new Thread(new ThreadStart(Execute));
thread1.Name = "Thread1";
thread1.Start();
Thread thread2 = new Thread(new ThreadStart(Execute));
thread2.Name = "Thread2";
thread2.Start();
thread1.Join();
thread2.Join();
}输出结果:
Thread Name:Thread1, Count:0
Thread Name:Thread1, Count:1
Thread Name:Thread1, Count:2
Thread Name:Thread1, Count:3
Thread Name:Thread1, Count:4
Thread Name:Thread2, Count:0
Thread Name:Thread2, Count:1
Thread Name:Thread2, Count:2
Thread Name:Thread2, Count:3
Thread Name:Thread2, Count:4
例子2：
private void Execute1()
{
if (Monitor.TryEnter(lockObj,1000))
{
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine("Thread Name:" + Thread.CurrentThread.Name + ", Count:" + i);
Thread.Sleep(new Random().Next(5000));
}
Monitor.Exit(lockObj);
}
}
public void Test1()
{
Thread thread1 = new Thread(new ThreadStart(Execute1));
thread1.Name = "Thread1";
thread1.Start();
Thread thread2 = new Thread(new ThreadStart(Execute1));
thread2.Name = "Thread2";
thread2.Start();
thread1.Join();
thread2.Join();
}输出结果:
Thread Name:Thread1, Count:0
Thread Name:Thread1, Count:1
Thread Name:Thread1, Count:2
Thread Name:Thread1, Count:3
Thread Name:Thread1, Count:4
因为Thread2尝试获取锁失败，所以没有执行锁内部的代码块。
例子3:
private Queue queue = new Queue();
public void SendThread()
{
int counter = 0;
lock (queue)
{
while (counter < 5)
{
//Wait, if the queue is busy.
Monitor.Wait(queue);
//Push one element.
queue.Enqueue(counter);
//Release the waiting thread.
Monitor.Pulse(queue);
counter++;
}
}
}
public void ConsumeThread()
{
lock (queue)
{
//Release the waiting thread.
Monitor.Pulse(queue);
//Wait in the loop, while the queue is busy.
//Exit on the time-out when the first thread stops.
while (Monitor.Wait(queue, 1000))
{
//Pop the first element.
int counter = (int)queue.Dequeue();
//Print the first element.
Console.WriteLine("Queue Value:" + counter.ToString());
//Release the waiting thread.
Monitor.Pulse(queue);
}
}
}
public void Test2()
{
Thread thread1 = new Thread(new ThreadStart(SendThread));
thread1.Name = "Thread1";
thread1.Start();
Thread thread2 = new Thread(new ThreadStart(ConsumeThread));
thread2.Name = "Thread2";
thread2.Start();
thread1.Join();
thread2.Join();
Console.WriteLine("Queue Size:" + queue.Count);
}输出结果:
Queue Value:0
Queue Value:1
Queue Value:2
Queue Value:3
Queue Value:4
Queue Size:0